This book aims to create a comprehensive, integrative knowledge base for the assessment of Arctic sustainability for countries such as the United States, Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia, alongside emerging ideas about sustainable development in the Arctic. These ideas relate to understanding how a community's geography matters in determining the required sustainability efforts, decolonial thinking for building sustainability that is crafted by and for local and Indigenous communities, and the idea of polycentrism (i.e., that the paths toward sustainability differ among places and communities). This volume also highlights the recent thinking about sustainability and resilience over the past decade for the rapidly changing Arctic region.